I never really got the argument against augments (in universe as well as from the writers).
All the humanoids in Star Trek are the result of genetic augmentation anyway.
The whole “eugenic wars” thing always felt like a cop-out because the writers were to afraid to tackle a controversial topic during the actual show and pushed it into the past in a “we already had this discussion” kind of way.
AI research began before the 1960s as well. Neither Dune nor Star Trek invented these concepts, they both commented on and critiqued them.
The eugenics wars in Star Trek were about genetically engineered super humans, not about selective breeding eugenics programs. See TOS episode 1x24: Space Seed for details.